The Protection of childrens rights and rehabilitation in Malaysia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2969 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? THE PROTECTION OF RIGHTS : CHILDREN IN NEED OF PROTECTION AND REHABILITATION IN MALAYSIA INTRODUCTION Children are our future. Every child has the right to a safe, happy and content childhood notwithstanding of their social origin, sex, religion, where and to whom they were born. This is the core principle enshrined in The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), the most widely adopted international human rights treaty of the time.[1] [2] Malaysia too, is committed to provide the best protection and care for the Children, who forms 35% of the population[3]. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Protection of childrens rights and rehabilitation in Malaysia" essay for you Create order Since the ratification of UNCRC in 1995[4], Malaysia has taken various steps in executing its responsibilities and commitments under the Convention. This includes the enforcement of the Child Act 2001 [Act 611]. Three specific laws in Malaysia relating to children were amalgamated in Act 611 namely, the Protection Act 1991 that focuses on child abuse and neglect cases; the Juvenile Court Act 1947 (Act 90) that deals with children in conflict with the law as well as the Juvenile Court procedures; and the Women and Girls Protection Act 1973 (Act 106) that provides the protection for the women and young girls who are involved in immoral activities[5]. The sexual crime rate among youth are increasing every year. Apart from the common crimes like molest and rape cases, prostitution, immoral sexual activities, pregnant out of wedlock involving children are indubitably alarming. Until June 2013, 141 underage girls were rescued from the promiscuous sexual activities and prostitution throu ghout Malaysia and over the past year, a total of 230 children were rescued and sent to a reform school[6]. For these children, it is never too late for them to be protected and rehabilitated. Part VI of Act 611, taken from Act 106 with further improvement[7], specifically articulates the provisions for the children in need of protection and rehabilitation. Section 38 of Act 611 defines a child[8] is in need of protection and rehabilitation if he or she: (a) is being induced to perform any sexual act, or is in any physical or social environment which may lead to the performance of such act; (b) lives in or frequents any brothel or place of assignation; or (c) is habitually in the company or under the control of brothel-keepers or procurers or persons employed or directly interested in the business carried on in brothels or in connection with prostitution. In addition, under Section 41, if there is a reasonable cause to believe that the child is being either threatened , intimidated, or to be confined or detained by another for the purposes of prostitution or having sexual intercourse or for any immoral purposes; or the child is pregnant out of wedlock, it is deemed under the law that the child is in urgent need of protection. Any place, institution or centre may be established or appointed as a place of refuge in accordance with Section 55 of Act 611, for the care, protection and rehabilitation of the children. There are three types of care and rehabilitation institution- governmental, semi-governmental and non-governmental organization.[9] Preserving the childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right and their best interests are essential for the development of every child, including those who are in the custody and rehabilitation. However, Part VI of Act 611 lacks provision on the procedures and protection while in custody. Hence, the aim of the research is to investigate and evaluate to what extent the extent the childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights ar e observed and protected while in custody. LITERATURE REVIEW Research conducted: A number of researches with different aims have been conducted on the above category of children. Most of the research focuses on the effectiveness of the program offered. Johari Talib (1985) evaluates the effectiveness of the rehabilitation programme at Taman Seri Puteri Rembau[10]. Azizi Yahaya et all (2001) assesses the effectiveness of the rehabilitation process at Pusat Perlindungan Wanita Gadis, Taman Seri Puteri Cheras, Jerantut, Rembau and Tunas Bakti Sungai Lereh Melaka[11]. Azizi et all(2010)further evaluate the effectiveness of the programmes conducted at Taman Seri Puteri Batu Gajah, Perak and Kompleks Dar-Assaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢dah, Kuala Lumpur[12]. On the other hand, research conducted by Muhamad, Luqman Z (2006)[13] explores the nature of child prostitution in Malaysia and identifies the key characteristics of victimized children. PS Tan et all (2012)[14] investigates the com mon characteristics of pregnant adolescents residing in a government shelter home. A qualitative research on the daily experiences of the unwed teenage mothers at the shelter homes in Malaysia has been conducted by NJ Saim et all (2013)[15]. A study by Abdullah (2010) examines the social interaction between the staff and the girls at the rehabilitation centre[16]. The findings According to Muhamad, Luqman Z (2006) the regimented three years system resulted depression, tense and sadness among the young women during the custody. The girls experienced a sense of depersonalization and disconnection due to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"controlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and restriction of social intercourse. The generic day-to-day living conditions and routine causes depersonalisation, while the physical and psychological isolation from their family, community, and culture causes disconnection[17]. NJ Saim et all (2013) found that the girls are emotionally insecure to share their feelings or problems with the social worker in charge or the staff who was appointed as their guardian. It was pointed out that some of the staff used derogatory names for them and their babies such as bitch, prostitute, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“anak haramà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [18]. According to Abdullah (2006) these children have developed pseudo-family relationship and prone to be pretentious throughout the rehabilitation to avoid being punished. In terms of education during custody, Abdul Hadi (1995) sustains that the system and detention are punitive, although it is regarded as a measure to protect the children. This is because their freedom is deprived and often subjected to a programme of instruction such as cooking, which they may not enjoy[19]. The programmes conducted at the rehabilitation centres, commonly cooking, sewing and handicraft making, do not fulfil the needs of society and job placement but rather designed to transform the children into good housewives (Luqman 2006 and Azizi 2010). Furthermore, according to Azizi (2001), the co-curricular activities are less likely to improve discipline as it is confined to leisure activities only[20]. Another important finding is that, there are instances whereby the children were not permitted to meet the adoptive families of their baby. They were also been deprived to sign the consent letter in front of the commissioner of oaths for intra-familial adoptions[21]. (NJ Saim et all). Furthermore, their time with family are often too restricted.[22] (Azizi 2010)(NJ Saim et all). PRINCIPAL RESEARCH QUESTION Most of the existing research gives an overview on the effectiveness of the programme offered at the rehabilitation centre. However, there is a deficiency in determining and assessing the adequacy of the law and policies to protect the rights of these children during and post-custody and rehabilitation, which this research seeks to investigate: Research Objective: To identify the Malaysian law and policy in protecting the rights of the children during and post-rehabilitation programme To evaluate the law and policies, whether it meets the standard of the UNCRC To evaluate the effectiveness of the law and policies by looking at the percentage of successfulness and recidivism. Specific Objective: (concentrating on the following main areas of interest) The right to education-Proper education is essential for the Children improve their standards of living and will lead to the decrease in disparities and crime opportunities. Many of these children are school dropouts[23]. This research will propose options to enable them to have access to standard education. Right to be treated with dignity and respect- Girls who are pregnant or previously indulged with prostitution may be socially ostracised by the caregiver. This research will develop a standard of procedure / rules for the children and caregiver and to promote the enhancement of their interpersonal and intrapersonal communication skills. The well-being of the child (mother) and her baby- This research will propose a solution to ensure these children have the right to standard health care. Besides that, this research will investigate whether the legal procedures on adoption are adhere to. The integration with the society.- This research will study the childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experience reuniting with their members and reintegration with the society. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research will employ qualitative method. The childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s daily activities will be highly considered. Equally, all other Stakeholder on the issue, for instance the Public Welfare Department, the administrator and the staff of the place of refuge, the child protection team, NGOs and the Court for children officer, are expected to take part in the data collection. Fundamentally, the internationalstandards and principles on child protection will be critically studied to set a benchmark.The existing legal and policy framework concerning the children defined in Part VI of the 2001 act shall be scrutinized to determinethe extent to which domestic legislation, systems and policies reflect the principles and provisions of the UNCRC. For these purposes, a library research will be conducted to examine the legal literatures from the primary and secondary sources which includes but not limited to the statutes, case-law, extra-legal materials, books, articles, seminar papers and newspapers. Secondly, observation, focus groups and personal interviews with defined children. The focus groups will be carefully designed so as to giveevery child the opportunity to express their experiences, views and recommendations. Children-centred approach will be adopted during the interviews. This will place the children at the heart of the research process, by recognising them as strong, capable, and knowledgeable experts on their own lives, possessing knowledge, perspective and interest that is best gained from the children themselves[24]. This is highly important to give the insights of the daily experience of the children and is essential for the evaluation of the implementation of the law and policy on the protection of their rights. In-depth interviews with child rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ duty-bearers and stakeholders will be conducted in ascertaining the roles and responsibilities. It will also analyse and evaluate the activities being impl emented and the achievement to the best interest of the children, as well as investigating the issues that hinder the implementation. RESEARCH PLANNING BIBLIOGRAPHY A Study On Pregnant Adolescents Residing In A Government Home: Common Characteristics And Their Views On The Pregnancy Tan Pei Sun, Su Xu Vin, Kevin Tan Teck Meng, Hizlinda Tohid, Noor Azimah Muhammad, Khairani Omar The official Journal of the Academy of Malaysian Family Physician 2012 Volume 7, Number 1, ISSN: 1985-207X (print), 1985-2274 (electronic) Child Protection Laws In Malaysia: The Changing Trend Jal Zabdi Mohd Yusoff A conference paper presented at The 6th International Malaysian Studies Conference (MSC6): Engaging Malaysian Modernity 50 Years and Beyond, 5-7 August 2008 Available at https://www.scribd.com/document/35692898/Law-and-Child-Abuse asessed on 1 April 2014 Children in Prostitution: A study of young women in the rehabilitation centres in Malaysia. Mohama d, Lukman Z.(2006) Doctoral thesis, Durham University available at https://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2688/ retrieved on 4 April 2014 Convention on the Rights of a Child The United Nations Treaty Collection available at https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATYmtdsg_no=IV-11chapter=4lang=en retrieved on 31 March 2014 Keberkesanan Program-Program Pemulihan Tingkah laku Di Taman Seri Putri Batu Gajah Dan Kompleks Dar-Assaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢adah. Yahaya, AziziandHashim, SharinandAbd Wahab, Jesmin(2010) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Institutional Repository (Unpublished) available at https://eprints.utm.my/10617/ retrieved on 6th April 2014 Listen to the Voices of Unwed Teenage Mothers in Malaysian Shelter Homes: An Explorative Study Nor Jana Saim,Mona DufÃÆ' ¥ker, Malin Eriksson Mehdi Ghazinou Global Journal of Health Science Vol. 5, No. 5; 2013 ISSN 1916-9736 E-ISSN 1916-9744 Canadian Center of Science and Education Listening to young children Clark, A. Moss, P. National Childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bureau and Rowntree Foundation London, 2001. Muslim States And The Implementation Of The Convention On The Rights Of A Child : With Special Reference To Malaysia Abdul Ghafur Hamid @ Khin Maung Sein Islam and International Law: Engaging Self-Centrism from a Plurality of Perspectives Marie-Luisa Frick and Andreas Th. MÃÆ' ¼ller 1st Edition , Martinus Nijhoff , The Netherlands 2013. Penyata Rasmi (Hansard) Dewan Rakyat Penggal kelima Mesyuarat Ketiga [Rabu, 20 Oktober 1999] available at https://www.parlimen.gov.my/hansard-dewan-akyat.html?uweb=drarkib=yes retrieved on 4 April 2014 Population by Age, Malaysia, 2013 Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal, available at https://pqi.stats.gov.my/result.php?token=b59bcc50b48aae3830f1c02bc5cc6b1f retrieved on 31 March 2014 Program Pemulihan Akhlak Wanita: Sejauhmanakah Keberkesanan Pusat Perlindungan Wanita Mem bantu Proses Pemulihan? Azizi Yahaya, Yusof Boon, Mohd Anuar Abd Rahman and Abd Rahim Hamdan Paper presented at Persidangan Kebangsaan Pendidikan Moral Dalam Dunia Globalisasi di Universiti Malaya, 23-25 May 2001 available at https://eprints.utm.my/1561/2/um_akhlak_.pdf retrieved on 4 April 2014 Protecting Girls: Official Measures against underaged Girls rescued from Moral Danger Abdul Hadi, Z. Kuala Lumpur, University of Malaya Press,1995 Satu Kajian Tentang Sejauhmanakah Keberkesanan Rancangan Pemulihan Di Taman Seri Puteri Rembau, Negeri Sembilan Johari Talib Dissertation (M.Ed.) Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Malaya, 1985 Sexual Problems Among Teens In Malaysia: A Case Study At Youth Rehabilitation Centre In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Hemaloshinee Vasudevan (Phd Candidate) Interdisciplinary Journal Of Contemporary Research In Business Volume 5, No.4, August 2013 Tema dan isu penyelidikan mengenai gejala sosial pada dekad pertama abad 21 di Malaysia. Azlina Abdullah AKADEMIKA, 78 . pp. 3-14. ISSN 0126-5008.2010 [1] All United Nations member states, except for the United States and Somalia, have ratified the Convention [2] Abdul Ghafur Hamid @ Khin Maung Sein, Muslim States And The Implementation Of The Convention On The Rights Of A Child : With Special Reference To Malaysia in : Marie-Luisa Frick and Andreas Th. MÃÆ' ¼ller (eds),Islam and International Law: Engaging Self-Centrism from a Plurality of Perspectives(1st, Martinus Nijhoff , The Netherlands 2013) at page 290 [3] Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Population by Age, Malaysia, 2013à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, available at https://pqi.stats.gov.my/result.php?token=b59bcc50b48aae3830f1c02bc5cc6b1f retrieved on 31 March 2014 [4] The United Nations Treaty Collection, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Convention on the Rights of a Childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, available at https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATYmtdsg_no=IV-11chapter=4lang=en retrieved on 31 March 2014 [5] Jal Zabdi Mohd Yusoff, à ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Child Protection Laws In Malaysia: The Changing Trendà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ( A conference paper presented at The 6th International Malaysian Studies Conference (MSC6) : Engaging Malaysian Modernity 50 Years and Beyond, 5-7 August 2008) https://www.scribd.com/doc/35692898/Law-and-Child-Abuse assessed on 1 April 2014 [6] Hemaloshinee Vasudevan (Phd Candidate), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sexual Problems Among Teens In Malaysia: A Case Study At Youth Rehabilitation Centre In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Interdisciplinary Journal Of Contemporary Research In Business, August 2013, Volume 5, No.4. [7] For instance, Section 40 (3) (d) provides that the court may order the parent or guardian of the child to execute a bond for a certain period or other order such as regular visits to the place of refuge. This new provision is included to held parents or guardians responsible to the conduct of the children; Section 43 establishes a new offense against any person who engages or hires a child for that personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sexual gratification for any valuable consideration. The previous Act did not provide punishment for those involved in the exploitation of women and girls. See: Penyata Rasmi (Hansard), DEWAN RAKYAT, Penggal kelima Mesyuarat Ketiga [Rabu, 20 Oktober 1999], page 30-31, available at https://www.parlimen.gov.my/hansard-dewan-rakyat.html?uweb=drarkib=yes retrieved on 4 April 2014 [8] Article 1 of UNCRC defines à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as a person under the age of 18. Similarly, in the Child Act 2001 (Act 611) a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is defined as a person under the age of eighteen years; however in relation to criminal proceedings, a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is a person who has attained the age of criminal responsibility as prescribed in section 8 of the Penal Code. [9] Nor Jana Saim,Mona DufÃÆ' ¥ker, Malin Eriksson Mehdi Ghazinou, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Listen to the Voices of Unwed Teenag e Mothers in Malaysian Shelter Homes: An Explorative Studyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Global Journal of Health Science; Vol. 5, No. 5; 2013 ,ISSN 1916-9736 E-ISSN 1916-9744, Canadian Center of Science and Education [10] Johari Talib, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Satu Kajian Tentang Sejauhmanakah Keberkesanan Rancangan Pemulihan Di Taman Seri Puteri Rembau, Negeri Sembilanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Dissertation (M.Ed.) Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Malaya, 1985 [11] Azizi Yahaya, Yusof Boon, Mohd Anuar Abd Rahman and Abd Rahim Hamdan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Program Pemulihan Akhlak Wanita: Sejauhmanakah Keberkesanan Pusat Perlindungan Wanita Membantu Proses Pemulihan?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Paper presented at Persidangan Kebangsaan Pendidikan Moral Dalam Dunia Globalisasi di Universiti Malaya,23-25 Mei 2001, available at https://eprints.utm.my/1561/2/um_akhlak_.pdf retrieved on 4 April 2014 [12] Yahaya, AziziandHashim, SharinandAbd Wahab, Jesmin(2010), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Keberkesanan Program-Program Pemulihan Tingkah l aku Di Taman Seri Putri Batu Gajah Dan Kompleks Dar-Assaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢adah à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å". Keberkesanan Program-Program Pemulihan Tingkah laku Di Taman Seri Putri Batu Gajah Dan Kompleks Dar-Assaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢adah . pp. 1-16. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Institutional Repository (Unpublished) available at https://eprints.utm.my/10617/ retrieved on 6th April 2014. [13] Mohamad, Lukman Z.(2006)Children in Prostitution: A study of young women in the rehabilitation centres in Malaysia.Doctoral thesis, Durham University, available at https://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2688/ retrieved on 4 April 2014 [14] Tan Pei Sun, Su Xu Vin, Kevin Tan Teck Meng, Hizlinda Tohid, Noor Azimah Muhammad,Khairani Omar, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A Study On Pregnant Adolescents Residing In A Government Home: Common Characteristics And Their Views On The Pregnancyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, The official Journal of of the Academy of Malaysian Family Physician 2012; Volume 7, Number 1, ISSN: 1985-207X (print), 1985-2274 (e lectronic) [15] Nor Jana Saim,Mona DufÃÆ' ¥ker, Malin Eriksson Mehdi Ghazinou, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Listen to the Voices of Unwed Teenage Mothers in Malaysian Shelter Homes: An Explorative Studyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Global Journal of Health Science; Vol. 5, No. 5; 2013 ,ISSN 1916-9736 E-ISSN 1916-9744, Canadian Center of Science and Education. [16] Azlina Abdullah,(2010), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Tema dan isu penyelidikan mengenai gejala sosial pada dekad pertama abad 21 di Malaysia.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  AKADEMIKA, 78 . pp. 3-14. ISSN 0126-5008. [17] supra note 11, at page 243 [18] supra note 13, at page 26-27 [19] Abdul Hadi, Z. (1995). Protecting Girls: Official Measures against underaged Girls rescuedfrom Moral Danger. Kuala Lumpur, University of Malaya Press. [20] supra note 11, at page 11 [21] supra note 15 at page 22-23 [22] supra note 10; supra note 15 at page 24 [23] 69.3% of the adolescents who were school dropouts- PS Tan et all, supra note 14 at page 12 [24] Cl ark, A. Moss, P. (2001) Listening to young children (London, National Childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bureau and Rowntree Foundation)

How Video Games Affect The Minds, Behavior And Health Of...

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Cell Phones Gone Bad! free essay sample

Cell phones people say mankind’s best invention and others say that they are corrupting society. In the U.S more and more people are leaving the landlines for cell phones and that is affecting the 911 emergency services providers. The most common users are about young people but also there are just 2% of adults having no cell phone. So makes you think that if cell phones should be banned from when you’re driving or in a car with someone that uses their cell while driving. Studies have seen that talking on a cell phone or just talking on a Bluetooth headset are worse than drunk drives. The University of Utah psychologists ran a test show that people with a cell phone or using a headset are more likely to crash than a drunk driver. Even if the drunk driver is at the legal blood alcohol limit (.08). Both drunk driving and talking on a cell phone are very similar. We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Phones Gone Bad! or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But besides the whole talking while driving is bad well a doctor named Dr. Ronald Herberman from the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute warned the faculty and staff of the harmful electromagnetic radiation that might come from cell phones and that all of that radiation might cause cancer. There is still no evidence of cancer caused by cell phones. But the world health organization on a long investigation showed that there are some increased of risking some brain tumor if the cell phone is used for about 10 years or more. Also researchers found out that people that use cell phones have a 10% to maybe 30% greater risk than people that barley use cell phones. Not only can a cell phone cause cancer but the cell phone can set on fire from its battery. In a case a woman and living in Plymouth, North Carolina. She was awakened by a smell that was coming from her son’s room. Her son’s phone battery had overheated and had the bed catch on fire but luckily her son was not badly burn. There had been lots of reports about cell phones catching on fire because of an either defective battery or the users using the wrong charger. There were safety tips told by The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Cell phones have a battery that is called Li-Ion that is very sensitive form a stress that is physical. British researchers are giving out warnings to people with children shouldn’t have cell phones. So that’s why the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) gave out the safety tips. Here are a few safety tips from CPSC; one is not to use a different battery or charger, two is not to take the battery from the phone out just to come into contact with coins or metal, three is not to crash the battery, four is to try not to drop the phone. Now you should take some consideration on these tips and that cell phones can be evil.

Transcendentalism Essays (807 words) - Transcendentalism, Lecturers

Transcendentalism Transcendentalism was a literary movement in the first half of the 19th century. The philosophical theory contained such aspects as self-examination, the celebration of individualism, and the belief that the fundamental truths existed outside of human experience. Fulfillment of this search for knowledge came when one gained an acute awareness of beauty and truth, and communicated with nature to find union with the Over-Soul. When this occurred, one was cleansed of materialistic aims, and was left with a sense of self-reliance and purity. Two authors who were among the leaders of the movement were Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, whose works Nature, Self-Reliance, and Walden brought America to the forefront of the transcendentalist movement. Their ideas opposed the popular materialist views of life and voiced a desire for freedom of the individual from artificial restraints. They felt that if they explored nature thoroughly, they would come to know themselves and the universal truths better. The concept of transcendentalism is clearly expressed in the essay Nature, by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Emerson was a leader in the movement of transcendentalism and the first American author to influence European thought. His essay Nature tells of how one can gain insight and spiritual cleansing simply from experiencing nature. Emerson tells of how in the woods is perpetual youth and in the woods we return to reason and faith. These lines exemplify the very ideals of transcendentalism. They show the deep roots a person has in nature and how one can receive knowledge of their Over-Soul by honestly enjoying the outdoors and freeing oneself of previous evils. In the following lines, Emerson remarks: Standing on the bare ground- my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into infinite space- all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball: I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or parcel of God. These lines display the transcendentalist belief that purity and knowledge can be obtained from a union with and understanding of nature. Emerson also relates the concept of transcendentalism to human life in his essay, Self-Reliance. In this aptly named essay, Emerson grapples with another part of transcendentalism, the issue of self-reliance. He sees mankind as somewhat of a coward; that people never express their true selves. Emerson claims that humans are afraid to fail; they are pleased if successful, but are never happy with where and what they are. He expresses transcendentalist ideals by saying that a true person would be a non-conformist. Emerson puts this belief into words in the following lines: There is a time in every mans education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide; that he must take himself for better, for worse, as his portion.no kernel of nourishing corn can come to him but through his toil. These words are the epitome of the ideals of transcendentalism- that one must celebrate the individual in order to find himself one with the universe. Another significant glimpse into the core ideals of transcendentalism was made by the distinguished author Henry David Thoreau. Thoreau lived in the home of essayist and philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson. His most honored and enjoyed work was the story, Walden, which gives a forthright statement of his reasons for embracing a contemplative and decidedly transcendentalist life living on the shore of Walden Pond. In Walden, Thoreau explains why he chose the woods: I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practice resignation, unless it was quite necessary. Thoreau himself was quoted as saying, In wilderness is the preservation of the world. In Walden, the author describes the cardinal importance of nature in ones search of their soul. Thoreau chose to live in seclusion because he believed solitude was the best companion in order to know ones own self. In the essay, he felt that mankind cared too deeply for material possessions; simplify! he implored. Thoreau claimed that humans were ruined by luxury and heedless expense and that success is gained when one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams. Thoreau stressed the importance of the individual, saying If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. His ideas were the foundation of transcendentalism- individualism, knowledge of nature, and the disposal of material belongings. Transcendentalism

To Kill A Mocking Bird Essays - Films, To Kill A Mockingbird

To Kill A Mocking Bird Essays - Films, To Kill A Mockingbird To Kill A Mocking Bird 1-5-00 Book Report # 2 To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mocking Bird is based in about 1935, right in the middle of the depression. It is set in a small town in Alabama called Maycomb. Maycomb, like most small southern towns, has a problem with widespread racism toward Negroes. The novel focuses on one family, the Finches. In the family there are three people, Scout, Jem and Atticus. Atticus is a lawyer and is defending a Negro man in court (Tom Robinson), something that was not often done in the south due to racism. Many people feel threatened by this and feel very resentful toward Atticus. Throughout the novel all the members of the Finches and many others display courage in their attempts to stand up for what they believe in. In the beginning of the novel we meet Jean Louise Finch, or Scout for short. Scout is an energetic little six year old. She still has her innocence and has not yet been able to understand the concepts of racial discrimination or hate. Scout is confused by what some of her classmates have been saying abou t her father, Atticus Finch. Many of her classmates call Atticus a nigger lover. Being only six Scout does not know how to handle such situations so she solves her problems by fighting. On the day that Tom Robinson was moved to the Maycomb jail to await his trial, Atticus left the house to go and sit outside of the jail to watch over Tom to make sure that nothing happens to him. Scout, Jem and Dill followed him there to make sure that nothing happened to him. Suddenly several cars pulled up at the jail. A mob got out of the vehicles and demanded that Atticus step aside so that they could get at Tom. Frightened the children came running to Atticus' side and asked him if everything was okay. Atticus told them to go home, but they refused. Suddenly, Scout saw a man that she knew, Mr. Cunningham. She said hi to him, twice before he acknowledged her. She began asking him questions about his entailments and talking about Walter, his son. At first he said nothing, Scout was afraid that she had done something wrong. Then finally he said something, he said that he would tell Walter that she said hey. After that, they all left. By singling out Mr. Cunningham she turned to mob into individuals and thus making them more aware as to what they were doing. She made Mr. Cunningham realize that Atticus is a man, not a roadblock. Scout showed that even a small girl was able to stop a mob of grown men from doing something that they might regret. Even though Scout was unaware of what she had done she was still the hero of the day and displayed lots of courage by standing up for her father. Scout's brother Jem also shows courage in the novel. Jem is nine years old and is just beginning to show signs of maturing. Jem shows most of his courage by just believing that what his father was doing was the right thing to do. Jem continues to believe throughout the novel that Atticus will win because there was very little evidence to go against Tom, only the words of Mayella and Bob Ewell. This trust and somewhat naive belief that even a Negro can get released from jail is shattered when Tom is sentenced. Jem does not understand how he could be guilty even when all the evidence was pointing towards Bob Ewell. The courage showed by Jem concerning this matter is very strong, partially due to his slight naivet towards the racism that is going on around him. This courage is based on what he has been told by Atticus. Atticus displays the most courage by defending Tom Robinson in court. He knew that having a white man defend a black man in court was unacceptable. He knew that people would resent him for it and he also knew that he would most likely lose the case because a black man has never won a court battle against a white. Atticus never lost hope

Administrators role as a supervisor and motivator Essay - 1

Administrators role as a supervisor and motivator - Essay Example We are now in the midst of the greatest period of change in school administration since its origin in American education. Through the energizing role of the Cooperative Program in Educational Administration, the whole profession has undergone the most penetrating examination and revision of practice. The underlying concepts of the functions and process of administration have also been critically examined. As a result, school administration now is quite different from what it was ten years ago. In all probability, it will be much, much different fifty years from now. It is our purpose, of this paper, to discuss school administration in relation to the findings of this critical examination and revised practice. The approach will not be very familiar to those who are acquainted with the traditional texts on the subject. It is, however, the normal outgrowth of some of the newer books that have put increasing emphasis on the process and the personnel aspects of administration. This emphasis accomplishes a dual service: (1) it presents the changing and improved practices in the field, and (2) it gives impetus to the swing toward the newer concepts of administration. The concept of school administration, particularly of the role of the chief school administrator, advanced by Davies, deals with three components: the administrators job, the man he is, and the social setting in which he functions. Defined very briefly, the job includes the administrators tasks and responsibilities, which vary in importance and emphasis as time passes, and encompasses all that is relevant to the administration of todays schools. The man brings to the job certain capacities of body, mind, emotion, and spirit. He has beliefs, values, expectations, behavior patterns, energy reserves, and skills. While the job shapes him, he also shapes the job. The social setting encompasses the pressures and compulsions of society.

Education for Global Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Education for Global Society - Essay Example These rules and techniques strengthen the students' desire to get a particular degree which may not be available in his homeland. Diversity can affect both the environment of the class and the students. The language differences may lead the students to a communication gap. Students belonging to different culture face different problems in accordance to their living standards. The skill level of the students depends upon their origin and culture. Skill levels are greatly enhanced if the standard of the education system is according to their level. For example a student of China would face difficulties while studying in the USA. This is because the student is not able to cope up with the standards of education in USA as he has always studied in the standards of China. He may face difficulties in understanding the language and writing according to the standards in USA. Culture is an important part in the student's lives. If a person belongs to the USA he would have no difficulties in adjusting to the university environment. Similarly a person who is not of the USA culture might face some difficulties in adjusting to the environment. ... In order to provide a safe and sound environment to the students, paraprofessionals who belong to different cultures should be present there. Paraprofessionals of different heritages may help the students to study with accordance to the standards required in a particular university. They may provide the student with a sense of relief and security as the student belonging to different culture might not be feeling that secure with a paraprofessional of different culture. Parents of the students should also be handled properly by the teachers. The teachers should know that what environment and culture do the parents belong and then must treat the parents accordingly. For example the teachers should tell the parents about the environment of the university with accordance to their culture. The teacher should be completely aware of the multicultural students and the teacher should also know about the standards of education of students of different culture. For example the teacher should kn ow about the standards of education of China and should not force the student from China to work on the standards of USA immediately. If the student is being forced to study on a standard of which he is not aware, it is possible that he may suffer from other problems like he may be discouraged by the environment and possibly may quit his efforts to progress. (Opsahl 1996) If a teacher is teaching in a class where students from many different cultures are present he should always be careful about speaking in the right tone and accent so that all the students even who have a different native language can understand what the teacher is commending to